NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential cellular coenzyme involved in redox metabolism and energy production across all living systems. It functions as a critical electron carrier by cycling between its oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) states, enabling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic energy transfer in experimental models. Beyond its metabolic role, NAD⁺ serves as a required substrate for sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), enzymes involved in DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and cellular stress responses. Preclinical research utilizes NAD⁺ to investigate mitochondrial homeostasis, muscle metabolism, neuroprotection, and molecular mechanisms associated with aging and cellular resilience.

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